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- United Nation on Systemic Racism
#abroad The United Nations has been actively working to address systemic racism. In June 2021, the UN Human Rights Council called for member countries to take decisive action to carry out the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights’ recommendations on systemic racism and police violence against Africans and people of African descent. Source The High Commissioner’s report calls for UN action to spur transformative change for racial justice and equality for Africans and people of African descent globally. The report’s findings are based on consultations with over 340 people, including family members of Black people killed by police, and 110 written submissions from governments around the world and nongovernmental organizations. Source The report found that racism in the US - a legacy of slavery, the slave trade, and one hundred years of legalized apartheid that followed slavery’s abolition – continues to exist today in the form of racial profiling, police killings, and many other human rights violations. Source Across numerous countries, notably in North and South America and in Europe, people of African descent disproportionately live in poverty and face serious barriers in accessing education, healthcare, employment, housing and clean water, as well as to political participation and other fundamental human rights, the report maintained. Source The UN report notes that poor outcomes continue for people of African descent in many countries, notably in accessing health and adequate food, education, social protection, and justice - while poverty, enforced disappearance and violence continues. Source Children of African descent are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system, experts told the Third Committee (Social, Humanitarian and Cultural) today, as delegates engaged in a series of interactive dialogues on the link between systemic racism and the global ecological crisis, elimination of contemporary forms of racism and the right of people to self-determination. Source The forms of discrimination reported to the United Nations by the United States included “inadequate enforcement of existing anti-discrimination laws”; “ineffective use and dissemination of data”; economic disadvantage experienced by minority groups; “persistent discrimination in employment and labor relations”; “segregation and discrimination in housing” leading to diminished educational opportunities for minorities; lack of equal access to capital, credit markets and technology; discrimination in the criminal legal system; lack of adequate access to health insurance and health care; and discrimination against immigrants, among other harmful effects. Source Racism in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is structural, institutional and systemic, says UN. Warning that people of African descent in the country continue to encounter racial discrimination and erosion of their fundamental rights. Source Highlighting the historic role of the UN in pivotal struggles against racism –such as the ending of apartheid in South Africa, the emancipation of former African colonies, and the civil rights movement in the United States – the editorial calls on the UN to “use its influence to once again remind us of the unfinished business of eradicating racism and urge the community of nations to remove the stain of racism on humanity”. Source Read also: Racism ‘the biggest barrier to achievement’ in education, The US and the controversial UN Human Rights Council, Third Committee Delegates Highlight Systemic Racism, Killings of People of African Descent, Ongoing Legacies of Colonialism, Slavery, in Rights Debate, UK: Discrimination against people of African descent is structural say UN, 2030 development agenda ‘fails’ on racial equality and non-discrimination, UN Report Accuses U.S. Police of “Systemic Racism,” Proposes Radical Measures
- Systemic Racism in Excited Delirium
#police Excited delirium is a controversial diagnosis sometimes characterized as a potentially fatal state of extreme agitation and delirium. It is typically diagnosed postmortem in young adult males, disproportionally black men, who were physically restrained at the time of death, most often by law enforcement personnel. Source The term was first used in 1985. Black men were more than three times as likely to have their cause of death labeled as excited delirium than their white counterparts. More contemporary studies continue to demonstrate the disproportionate impact on Black people. Source Even after being debunked, the man who first coined the term; Miami-Dade County Deputy Medical Examiner Charles V. Wetli. Continued promoting excited delirium as a cause of death. In 1990, he claimed that 70% of people who die of excited delirium are Black men and said, “it may be genetic.” Source Despite limited medical evidence, police departments across the country began training their officers to identify excited delirium as a potentially deadly medical condition. The diagnosis quickly emerged as a defense for police in cases of people who died in police custody and who were later found to have alcohol and other drugs present upon autopsy. Source A new policy addresses reports that show a pattern of using the term “excited delirium” and pharmacological interventions such as ketamine as justification for excessive police force, disproportionately cited in cases where Black men die in law enforcement custody. Source There are no national database tracking cases of "excited delirium," but in one study, data showed that from 2010 to 2020, "there were 166 reported instances where a person died in police custody and excited delirium was described as a possible cause of death." Black people made up 43% of those deaths, despite composing only 13% of the US population, according to the US Census. Source Law enforcement officers nationwide are routinely taught that “excited delirium” is a condition characterized by the abrupt onset of aggression and distress, typically in the setting of illicit substance use, often culminating in sudden death. However, this “diagnosis” is not recognized by the vast majority of medical professionals. In fact, “excited delirium” is not recognized by the American Medical Association, the American Psychiatric Association, or the World Health Organization, and it is not listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. In 2021, the American Medical Association released a policy which opposed the use of the “Excited Delirium” diagnosis. AMA President Gerald E. Harmon specifically condemned its use as “a manifestation of systemic racism that has unnecessarily dangerous and deadly consequences for our Black and Brown patients.” Source The American Psychiatric Association have equally affirmed that “The concept of "Excited Delirium" has been invoked in a number of cases to explain or justify injury or death to individuals in police custody, and the term Excited Delirium is disproportionately applied to Black men in police custody." These statements reflect widely held concerns in the medical community that the diagnosis of Excited Delirium has been appropriated by law enforcement agents in order to justify persecution and violence against racial minorities. Source When Black men are subjected to brutal violence in police custody, an informal diagnosis of ED effectively inoculates law enforcement agents against claims of racial discrimination. Institutional narratives surrounding Excited Delirium thereby engage in a form of discursive deracialization, “in which racial categories are attenuated, eliminated, or substituted and racial explanations are omitted or de-emphasized.” Source Evaluation of the diagnostic criteria for ExD proposed in a 2009 report shows that it relies on persistent racial stereotypes: eg, unusual strength, decreased sensitivity to pain, and bizarre behavior. Research indicates that use of such stereotypes could encourage biased diagnosis and treatment. Source Excited delirium is no longer an official cause of death in California. Read also: Doctors say ‘Excited delirium’ paper outdated, won’t back it, End the use of “excited delirium” as a cause of death in police custody, Doctors abandon a diagnosis used to justify police custody deaths. It might live on, anyway, Excited Delirium and Deaths in Police Custody, Authorities claimed these Black men had excited delirium just before they died, Excited Delirium and Police Use of Force
- Systemic Racism in the Death Penalty
#justicesystem The death penalty is one such area where systemic racism has been observed. According to the Death Penalty Information Center, “racial bias persists today, as evidenced by cases with white victims being more likely to be investigated and capitally charged; systemic exclusion of jurors of color from service in death-penalty trials; and disproportionate imposition of death sentences against defendants of color”. Source The report also notes that “the greatest racial disparity of the death penalty is the way in which the death penalty is largely reserved for cases where the victims are white”. Source Amnesty International’s 2021 Global Report on Death Sentences and Executions also charged that “many cases of those who faced the death penalty [in the United States] in 2021 were also affected by concerns of racial discrimination and bias”. Source The scale of the federal death penalty expanded with the passage of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, also known as the crime bill, which added 60 new offenses to the list of those eligible for the death penalty. The death penalty has always been, and continues to be, disproportionately wielded against Black people and other people of color. Disparities in the makeup of the death row population are clear: Source Black and Hispanic people represent 31% of the U.S. population, but 53% of death row inmates—41.9% and 11.3% respectively (American Progress, 2019). The death row population is over 41% Black, even though Black people make up about 13% of the U.S. population (Prison Policy Initiative, 2016). The death penalty has long come under scrutiny for being racially biased. Earlier in the twentieth century when it was applied for the crime of rape, 89 percent of the executions involved black defendants, most for the rape of a white woman. In the modern era, when executions have been carried out exclusively for murder, 75 percent of the cases involve the murder of white victims, even though about half of all homicide victims in America are black. Source Racial bias persists today, as evidenced by cases with white victims being more likely to be investigated and capitally charged; systemic exclusion of jurors of color from service in death-penalty trials; and disproportionate imposition of death sentences against defendants of color. The report provides compelling evidence of racial bias in the modern death penalty. Source People convicted of killing white people are 17 times more likely to receive the death penalty than if those killed were Black—a clear indicator of a system set up to protect and serve white interests. Only 13 percent of the U.S. population is Black, but Black people make up 42 percent of people on death row at the state level and 41 percent of those on federal death row. Source According to DPIC, 185 death row defendants have been exonerated since 1972—because of police or prosecutorial misconduct, perjury or false accusation, false or misleading forensic evidence, inadequate defense, and/or DNA evidence. Of those, 115 have been Black or Latinx. Source The existence of implicit racial bias among some law enforcement officers, witnesses, jurors, and others allows harsher punishment of minorities, even without legal sanction or intention. Source Read also: The Death Penalties Racist and Classist Harms, Do we deserve to kill?, The Supreme Court Tried to Reduce Racial Bias in the Death Penalty. Did It Work?, The death penalty is racist, Racial Statistics of Death Row Inmates, Does race affect death penalty opinion?, More executed for killing white people, Racial Disparities Are Increasing as the Death Penalty Declines, Why support for the death penalty is much higher among white Americans, UpToDate Studies,
- Systemic Racism in Child Support
#justicesystem Systemic racism in child support is a complex issue that has been studied by many researchers. Child-support policies that are colorblind or race neutral put low-income men of color and their families at a disadvantage and lead to continued racial inequities, according to Rutgers research. Source These policies have a long history of punishing people for being Black and poor. Overall, roughly 15 percent of all Black fathers in larger U.S. cities have been incarcerated at some point for nonpayment of child support, compared with 5 percent of fathers overall. The child support program started off as a federal-state partnership, with a goal of reducing expenditures of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program. Low-income Black fathers face explicit and implicit racial discrimination in the labor market, making it challenging for them to earn enough to provide for their children. Child support professionals hold fathers to unrealistic standards for finding and maintaining consistent full-time employment by failing to acknowledge how racial inequality shapes the job opportunities of Black men. Ignoring race when it matters serves to perpetuate discrimination and can even increase racial bias. Source Low-income, noncustodial fathers are disproportionately black, and black men are more likely to be poor, face labor market discrimination, and have limited social networks to help them stay employed and able to pay their child support orders. The same study also found that black fathers face heightened barriers interacting with the child support system, despite their contributions to their families. Source The Family Lawyer Magazine reports that there is often a presumption that black fathers have little involvement with their children, which directly affects the outcome of many divorce, custody, and child support cases. Source Enforcement measures target Black men with economic and carceral punishment: The current approach to enforcement of child support payments is linked to the racist cultural history surrounding the so-called deserving poor—which has typically excluded Black people. As child support enforcement rules and guidelines punish alleged 'deadbeats' for failing to pay child support, prisoners, mostly Black fathers, are hit the hardest because of the incarceration rates of fathers of color. Source Research suggests African American fathers are often met with structural and institutional barriers that inhibit their opportunity to financially support their children. Source Black parents in or near poverty make up the majority of parents who are missing payments, and parents with low incomes are more likely to pay little or no child support. Source The racist backlash to public assistance for families has informed child support policy for too long, and low-income parents, especially Black fathers, have had to face the consequences. Source The Marshall Project interviewed nearly three dozen noncustodial parents in 10 states; they all left prison owing between $10,000 and $110,000 in child support. Mostly fathers who are disproportionately black and poor, these parents faced prosecution for not repaying the debt, even after their children were grown. Source And what they were able to pay did not necessarily go to their children or the mother. The state often kept their money as repayment for welfare, child care or Medicaid benefits that had been provided to the family while the dad was locked up. It is important to note that these studies do not imply that black fathers are more likely to be on child support than other races. Rather, they highlight the systemic barriers faced by black fathers in navigating the child support system. Read also: The Negro Family: The Case For National Action, The Bradley Amendment, which forbade forgiveness of child support debts, Ronald Reagans dysfunctional family narrative, Race and a Flawed Child Support System, Race, The Welfare-Child Support System
- Systemic Racism in Real Estate
#housing Racism in real estate can take two forms: implicit and explicit. Systemically racist policies and practices have been enacted by the federal government, the real estate industry, and banking institutions. These policies and practices have over time: Source Relegated people of color to urban core neighborhoods Fueled white flight Prevented Black families from accessing the same financial products that have helped white people purchase property in the last 90 years. Source Explicit racism occurs when an individual or company in a position of power takes actions against individuals because they are members of a specific racial or ethnic group. Source People of color living in rented apartments and prohibited from moving to the suburbs gained none of that appreciation. The result is that today, nationwide, black incomes are on average about 60% of white incomes, but black wealth is only about 5%-7% of white wealth. That enormous difference is almost entirely attributable to unconstitutional federal housing policy practiced in the mid-20th century. This is only one of the many facets of local, state and national policies and laws. The American housing experience is deeply unequal. The Black and white homeownership gap remains as wide today as it was a century ago: Nearly 74% of white households own their homes, compared with just 44% of Black households. Source Zoning laws in the U.S. originated in the early 20th century, and for many cities, these zoned areas were specifically segregated by race. Uses that were undesirable or more industrial in nature were often constrained to areas for only racial or ethnic minorities. Source Racial covenants were finally outlawed by the Fair Housing Act of 1968. But as the document that legally transfers title of a home from one owner to the next, a deed is typically not easily changed without getting lawyers involved. So in many cases the language remains as an unpleasant—and, to a new owner, often wholly unexpected—reminder of the legacy of segregation. Source Zoning and anti-growth environmental laws and regulations. It’s not enough to talk about the legacy of redlining and racial steering back in the bad old days. We already know that, and we’ve already corrected those problems. Redlining is already illegal. Racial steering is already illegal, although it continues to happen as we so sadly know (see, Long Island Divided). Source Real Estate Appraisals and Race: By law, home appraisers should never consider race, national origin, gender or religion when estimating the value of a property. Yet homes in Black and Latino neighborhoods appraise for less than their contract price more often than in white areas, according to a recent analysis from mortgage buyer Freddie Mac. Source If the real estate industry is serious about doing something about systemic racism, then we have to do away with local schools based on arbitrary school district lines and local property taxes. Source Read also: How Systemic Racism Is Baked Into The Fabric Of American Housing, How real estate agents can address systemic racism in housing, Housing Equality & Policy, Race and Real Estate
- Systemic Racism in Labor Unions
#employment Labor Union: An organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests. Unions help reduce wage gaps for women workers and workers of color. Union members have better job safety protections and better paid leave than non-union workers and are more secure exercising their rights in the workplace. Source Unions result in better wages, benefits (healthcare) working conditions for workers, Stable scheduling, apprenticeship programs, economic protections, as well as collective bargaining for its members. Among major race and ethnicity groups, Black workers continued to have a higher union membership rate in 2022 (11.6 percent) than White workers (10.0 percent), Asian workers (8.3 percent), and Hispanic workers (8.8 percent). Source Unfortunately, that's where the Racial Prosperity ends. Despite unions being a powerful force for increasing wages among the working class, racism within the labor movement has at times served to perpetuate rather than reduce racial inequality. Source African Americans have always been more vulnerable in the labor market. They regularly experience higher unemployment rates and work in worse jobs, which feature lower pay and fewer benefits, than whites. Moreover, they tend to work in jobs that are less stable than those held by white workers. Source The union advantage is greater for Black, Latino, women, immigrant, LGBTQ and other workers who have experienced workplace discrimination. Black, Latino and women workers are paid 13.7%, 20.1% and 5.8% more, respectively, when they belong to a union. Source In Silicon Valley, for instance, much of their of color workforce is employed in minimum wage or contractor positions. Source Despite an improved labor market, Black Americans still can’t obtain well-paying, stable jobs with quality benefits. Source Compared with white men, people of color are significantly less likely to receive raises when they ask supervisors for more money. The reason may boil down to bias, although it's unclear whether it's due to overt or unconscious bias, said PayScale Vice President Lydia Frank. Source Employer-sponsored health insurance: American Bar Association, there are racial and ethnic disparities in employer-sponsored health coverage. Black Americans are 10% less likely to hold employer-sponsored health coverage than their white counterparts, even though many Black Americans work in firms that employ 500 or more workers, which hold significant negotiating power with insurance companies. Source Another report by the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston states that black male workers are about six percentage points less likely than white male workers to have employer-provided health insurance, while black female workers are about six percentage points more likely than white female workers to do so. Source Exposure to schedule instability is 16% higher among non-white workers compared with white workers. This gap is largest, though, for women of color, at 18% (vs. 12% among men), and the gap between white and Latinx workers, at 17%, is somewhat larger than the gap between white and Black workers (14%). Source Public-sector vs. private-sector racial wage gaps and the role of unions: Based on empirical analysis of wages among public- and private-sector employees, black workers in the public sector face smaller unexplained wage gaps than their counterparts in the private sector—6.9% versus 16.9%, respectively. Source Based on U.S. Department of Labor statistics from 1999-2018, the CBUC report finds apprenticeship programs of 62 Illinois trade unions remain mostly white — five of them completely segregated; 15 with less than 20% persons of color; and 13 with 20 to 30% persons of color. Source White men have taken extraordinary measures to keep construction unions white and have designed their unions to frustrate and intimidate prospective Black members. Source Read also: The Systemic Racism of the Teachers’ Unions, Labor unions have a complicated history of both racism and racial solidarity, Affirmative Action in American Labor Unions, Organized Labor and Racial Wage Inequality in the United States, Theatrical unions accept their share of responsibility for the systemic bias faced by their members of color,
- Systemic Racism of Black Youth
#education #justicesystem Systemic racism is a form of discrimination that affects the lives and well-being of people of color in various ways. According to some sources, systemic racism can affect the mental health of Black teens by causing racial trauma, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and reduced social functioning. Source Systemic racism can also affect the educational and legal outcomes of Black teens by exposing them to higher rates of school discipline, police interactions, and arrests than white peers. These effects can have lasting impacts on the development and identity of Black teens. Source Education: Black students are more likely to be punished than white students for minor infractions. Source Between 2011 and 2012, a reported 57% of Black students had access to a full range of math and science courses necessary for college readiness compared to 71% of White students. Source Justice System: Black youth are more than four times as likely to be detained or committed in juvenile facilities as their white peers. Source Unemployment: Any objective analysis of the data shows that for the vast majority of African Americans under the age of 21, there are simply no opportunities in our society; not only for advancement, but for any sort of survival. Source However, most disturbing is that unemployment among black teenagers is an astounding 40.6%, and was as high as 50% last year. If discouraged workers – that is, those who have given up seeking employment – are also included in this calculation, the number of black teenagers without work rises to 70% – 80%. Source Mental Health/Health: Black adolescents, between the ages of 12–18 years old, have been characterized as a particularly disadvantaged group given misdiagnosis and overdiagnosis of certain mental health disorders, and underdiagnosis of others, and limited access to mental health treatment. Source Black juveniles are less likely to receive mental health treatment than white adolescents, even though they face more stressors and risks for mental health challenges. Source However, they are also less likely to be prescribed opioid medicines for pain management than white patients. Source Black children and teens are often perceived as much older than they are. Because of this bias known as “adultification,” they get viewed as less innocent and less deserving of empathy — resulting in harsher, disparate treatment in health care and other systems. Source Online: According to a recent study from the University of Pittsburgh, 94% of Black teens reported experiencing racism online in 2020. Source Read also: The Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health, Racial School Districting, Educational Disparities Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Youth in the United States
- White Privilege in South Africa
#abroad Although it is clear the term 'white privilege' has become popular across diverse contexts, some have argued against it. They say that the term 'white privilege' reinforces stereotypes, reifies conceptualizations of race, antagonizes potential allies and creates even greater resistance to change. In South Africa, white privilege is the legacy of apartheid, which subjugated and devalued anyone whose skin colour was not white. Despite the political dismantling of apartheid, white privilege persists. Calls to transform racialized organizations are viewed as threats by white people who, correctly, hear demands for racial justice as an end to white privilege. Source The Bantu Education Act institutionalized Racial inequality and segregation. The effects of which are still present in the educational system today. The funding, availability of materials, and performance of historically white and historically black schools continue to differ significantly. Source South Africa is the most unequal country in the world, with race playing a determining factor in a society where 10 percent of the population owns more than 80 percent of the wealth, a World Bank report has said. Source A report reveals that Whites own 72% of the total 37,031,283 farms and agricultural holdings by individual landowners; followed by Coloured at 15%, Indians 5%, Africans 4%, other at 3%, and co-owners at 1%. Source In the third quarter of 2022, the unemployment rate among Black South Africans reached 36.8 percent. The unemployment rate among white South Africans reached 7.8 percent in the first quarter of 2022. Source The black middle class remains largely an academic construct. It consists of a mere 4.2 million people whereas blacks make up 80% of the population of 60 million. Research shows no sign of a decrease in racialized wealth inequality since apartheid. Source “Ten percent of all South Africans — the majority white — owns more than 90 percent of national wealth… Some 80 percent of the population — overwhelmingly black — owns nothing at all.” — New York Times Source Read also: White privilege and racial justice activism in education in South Africa, The Persistence of White Supremacy in Shaping Coloured South Africans, White Supremacy in South Africa
- Systemic Racism in Hollywood
#entertainment Systemic racism in Hollywood is the persistent and structural discrimination and exclusion of people of color from the entertainment industry. It affects their representation, opportunities, recognition and earnings. Some sources claim that it costs the industry $10 billion a year. Source Distribution of lead actors in films. In the U.S. 2011-2022, by ethnicity: Published by Statista Research Department, Jun 13, 2023 After reaching an all-time high in 2020, the share of lead actors in movies in the United States that the source identified as people of color experienced a decrease in 2022, standing just above 21 percent. A decade earlier, approximately 10.5 percent of the lead actors in U.S. films were not white. Source Minorities behind and before the big screen: The percentage of non-white movie writers in the U.S. has also been on the rise, going from less than eight percent in 2011 to over 32 percent a decade later, before dropping at 12.4 in 2022. Meanwhile, cinema audiences in the U.S. remained predominantly Caucasian, with white viewers accounting for 57 percent of the movie tickets sold in 2021, the highest share in a historical series started in 2015. Hispanic or Latino-identifying people traditionally hold the second-largest percentage, roughly accounting for one-quarter of moviegoers in the U.S.. Source According to Statista, approximately 83 percent of film directors in the United States were white, while the remaining 17 percent were part of ethnic minorities in 2022. Distribution of movie directors in the U.S. 2011-2022, by ethnicity: Published by Statista Research Department, Jun 13, 2023 In 2022, approximately 17 percent of film directors in the United States were part of ethnic minorities, while the remaining 83 percent were white, according to the source. A decade earlier, the shares stood at 12.2 and 87.8 percent, respectively. Source In 2020, 79.9% of the Producers & directors workforce were White, of which 37.5% were women and 62.5% men. Other races that concentrated a significant number of workers were Black (7.58%) and Two or More Races (5%). Source Script Writer Statistics by Race: White 71.5%, Asian 8.7%, Hispanic or Latino 7.8%, Black or African American 6.6%, Unknown 5.0% Source Read also: Films led by Black off-screen talent are consistently underfunded, The Effect of Race on Movie Performance, Hollywood Diversity Report, Actor demographics and statistics in the US, Black representation in TV
- Systemic Racism in Science
#education Racism in science is a systemic problem that has been present for centuries. The systems that produce and teach scientific knowledge have misrepresented, marginalized and mistreated people of colour and under-represented communities1. The research system has justified racism — and, too often, scientists in positions of power have benefited from it. Source Some scientists propose that systemic racism itself is not a central threat to science, but rather it is the attempts by the academy, scientific organizations, and journals to ameliorate the impacts of racism and to develop anti-racist structures that is the problem. Such assertions appear in articles, editorials, and academic essays and give voice to the argument that the quest to redress racism in science is problematic and that the quality and future of scientific endeavors are suffering for it. Source Among those worst excesses is racism. For centuries, science has built a legacy of excluding people of colour and those from other historically marginalized groups from the scientific enterprise. Institutions and scientists have used research to underpin discriminatory thinking and have prioritized research outputs that ignore and further disadvantage marginalized people. Source Racism in science is endemic because the systems that produce and teach scientific knowledge have, for centuries, misrepresented, marginalized and mistreated people of colour and under-represented communities. The research system has justified racism — and, too often, scientists in positions of power have benefited from it. Source Read also: The Disturbing Resilience of Scientific Racism, Systemic Racism in Science
- Systemic Racism in Mass Shootings
#hatecrime Cities with higher numbers of Black residents and more segregated neighborhoods are more likely to have mass shootings due to the effects of structural racism. Source "This study found that major US cities with higher populations of Black individuals are more likely to be affected by MSEs, suggesting that structural racism may have a role in their incidence. Public health initiatives aiming to prevent MSEs should target factors associated with structural racism to address gun violence," the article, titled "Association Between Markers of Structural Racism and Mass Shooting Events in Major US Cities," read. Fox News According to a study published in the journal JAMA Surgery, mass shootings in major metropolitan areas in the United States disproportionately affect Black people, and structural racism may play a role. Source Researchers at Tulane University analyzed data relating to the 51 largest metropolitan areas, including demographic and income data as well as reports of mass shootings from 2015 to 2019 compiled by the Gun Violence Archive. The study found that in areas with higher Black populations, mass shootings are likelier to occur compared to communities with higher White populations. There are also more Black people injured and killed when mass shootings take place. Read Also: Systemic Racism in Mass Shootings
- White Privilege - CrowdFunding
#whiteprivilege Crowdfunding Crowdfunding is the practice of funding a project or venture by raising money from a large number of people, typically via the internet. Crowdfunding is a form of crowdsourcing and alternative finance… Studies have shown that racial bias exists on crowdfunding sites. For instance, a study published in 2017 found that "African American men are significantly less likely than similar white founders to reach their fundraising goals and that prospective supporters rate identical projects as lower in quality when they see the founder is an African American male." Source Equity crowdfunding: This research found that black founders were less likely to succeed because they received fewer and smaller contributions on donation crowdfunding sites. Only 18 percent of all projects on Indiegogo, one of the earliest donation crowdfunding platforms, are created by ethnic minorities. Source A study finds that customers on crowdfunding sites such as Kickstarter, Indiegogo and GoFundMe are less likely to pay top dollar for products by black entrepreneurs. Source Racial Inequality in Medical Crowdsourced Funding: White crowdfunding beneficiaries receiving higher levels of support than non-White beneficiaries. Researchers fear that racialized impressions of deservingness may be a driver of unequal returns in crowdfunding. However, rather than being a direct effect of interpersonal racism, differences in returns may be an indirect effect of the systemic racism that causes the social networks of Black and Hispanic Americans to have lower access to financial capital. Source Medical Crowd Funding MCF: The results show systemic disparities in MCF use and outcomes: people of color (and black women in particular) are under-represented; there is significant evidence of an additional digital care labor burden on women organizers of campaigns; and marginalized race and gender groups are associated with poorer fundraising outcomes. Source Hate groups: TIME article says that an analysis of 324 fundraising campaigns found that white supremacists, neo-Nazis, militias, QAnon conspiracists, and far-right groups like the Oath Keepers and the Proud Boys were able to raise millions of dollars across 10 fundraising websites. Source BLM: It is also important to report that - In a study published in the International Journal of Hospitality Management, the researchers found in the decade before Black Lives Matter rose to prominence, Black restaurateurs were 76% less likely to be successful in the use of crowdfunding sources, such as Kickstarter, than non-Black restaurateurs. From 2010—2015, funding was 72% lower for Black-owned businesses and from 2016-2020 it was 79% lower. But that all changed when the Black Lives Matter movement, and Kickstarter's endorsement of it in 2020, increased public support and facilitated a sharp increase in funding success for Black-owned restaurants. Source Read also: Racial bias matters on crowdfunding sites like Indiegogo, Kickstarter, and GoFundMe -- Pandemic-era crowdfunding more common, successful in affluent communities